IBMX, also referred to as 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, is a competitive phosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises cAMP levels, activates PKA, inhibits TNF-alpha, synthesizes leukotrienes, and reduces a number of inflammation and innate immune mechanisms. IBMX also is known among the class of compounds to act as a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist.